In Iran’s economic structure, the imbalanced distribution of industrial units and the agglomeration of manufacturing activities in specific geographical centers have created significant disparities in the development levels of provinces. The persistence of the current centralized pattern not only intensifies spatial inequalities and creates environmental challenges in industrial poles, but also undermines and stagnates the latent capacities of peripheral regions. This research aims to analyze the spatial patterns of industrial concentration and dispersion across Iran’s provinces. This study is applied in nature and adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. Data collection was conducted through library research. Quantitative data analysis was performed using SPSS, GIS, and Excel software. The CoCoSo method was utilized for ranking the provinces, the Coefficient of Variation (CV) for measuring industrial development inequality, the K-Means clustering method for provincial categorization, Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran’s I) for assessing spatial correlation and clustering patterns of development, and the Kriging interpolation method for examining the spatial distribution of industrial development. The findings indicate that industrial development in Iran between 2017 and 2021 (1396–1400) has followed a pattern of ‘increasing spatial concentration’ and ‘unbalanced growth.’ Contrary to the balanced development hypothesis—which expects the gap between developed and underdeveloped regions to narrow over time—the increase in the coefficient of variation from 0.354 to 0.448 confirms that the growth rate in the industrial core (central and developed provinces) has significantly outpaced other regions. Furthermore, the results of the spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I) test, by confirming significant spatial clustering, suggest that industrial inequality in Iran is not merely a statistical disparity but carries an inherent ‘spatial nature’.