Introduction and Objective: Informal settlements represent one of the fundamental challenges in Iranian metropolises, reflecting the inefficiency of housing policies and urban governance. This research aimed to analyze the role of ownership policies and tenure security in realizing the right to housing in the informal settlements of Mashhad, considering the mediating variables of urban governance, local institutionalization, and spatial justice.



Methods: This applied study utilized a descriptive-analytical approach and a survey strategy, implemented through a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) design. The statistical population consisted of residents of informal settlements in Mashhad, with 384 individuals selected through stratified random sampling using Cochran's formula. Data collection instruments included a researcher-developed questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed. Data were analyzed using SPSS and SmartPLS software.



Findings: The results indicated that tenure security, with a path coefficient of 0.52, was the most influential factor affecting the right to housing. Spatial justice (0.31) and local institutionalization (0.24) were subsequent significant factors. Although urban governance did not have a significant direct effect, it played a facilitative role through mediating variables. Out of the seven research hypotheses, six were confirmed and one was partially rejected.



Results and Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that realizing the right to housing in m informal settlements requires a multidimensional approach where tenure security serves as the central axis, complemented by spatial justice and local institutionalization. This study proposes a conceptual framework recommending the redesign of housing policies emphasizing gradual formalization, strengthening local institutions, and equitable distribution of services.